Data lain omzet iklan Jawa Timur, diambil dari Jawa Pos 30 Desember 2008. Tidak ada data iklan, hanya seputar optimisme kenaikan belanja iklan Jawa Timur.Rabu, 31 Desember 2008
Persentase kenaikan omzet kapitalisasi iklan di Jawa Timur. Tidak ada data kongkrit
Data lain omzet iklan Jawa Timur, diambil dari Jawa Pos 30 Desember 2008. Tidak ada data iklan, hanya seputar optimisme kenaikan belanja iklan Jawa Timur.
Kliping Kompas 23-4-08 ttg Belanja Iklan
Fakta tentang ekonomi media di Indonesia. Data pertengahan (medio) 2008, tentu sudah tidak up to date. Namun menggambarkan kapitalisasi bisnis media, secara nasional. Informasi yang langka (Kompas, 23-4-2008)
Buku Sejarah Sosial Media oleh Asa Briggs
Buku mother ship (induk). Sangat komprehensif, diiringi sumber pustaka pada setiap kutipannya. Pasti dikerjakan dengan ketelitian yang mengagumkan, mencakup sejarah media sejak zaman para ksatria (knight) hingga era Yahoo dan Google. Sangat bagus
Komunikasi, Kelanjutan Transportasi
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Komunikasi, sama halnya dengan peralatan transportasi, adalah kelanjutan anggota badan manusia. Komunikasi mengatasi keterbatasan kebutuhan manusia. Jika tidak dapat bertemu, manusia (zaman dulu) berkirim surat, menitipkan pesan lewat kurir, dan kini bertelepon lewar media (Sejarah Sosial Media, dari Gutenberg sampai Internet, Asa Briggs dan Peter Burke (2006) )
Jebakan Stereotype dan Opini Publik
Manusia terdorong untuk mengembangkan dirinya dengan terus menerus mengetahui apa yang terjadi dalam dunia obyektifnya, di luar dunia semu pemahamannya (persepsi). Melalui itu manusia mempertahankan eksistensinya, menjaga kelangsungannya, membentuk dan menyesuaikan terus menerus (update, continuous) pengetahuan di luar dirinya, membangun tafsir, dengan bantuan MEDIA, menghindari cara pandang yang statis berdasarkan pengalaman terdahulu (stereotype). (Rivers dkk, 2003, op cit)
Manusia, Komunikasi dan Determinasi Alam
... Pada dasarnya, mitologi, sama halnya dengan matematika, rumus canggih E = MC2 (kuadrat), merupakan upaya praktis dan rasional manusia untuk berhadapan dengan pengalaman hidup ... (Media Massa dan Masyarakat Modern, Rivers dkk, 2003)
Manusia, Pembuat Simbol
Manusia menghadapi lingkungan fisiknya, diantaranya dengan mengkreasi simbol. Determinasi alam dihadapi melebihi makhluk lain dengan sistem simbol, yakni komunikasi, dan menjadikan manusia paling fit (survival of the fittest, Charles Darwin). Sumber : Media Massa dan Masyarakat Modern (Rivers, Jensen Peterson, 2003)Buku Media Massa dan Masyarakat Modern oleh William L Rivers dkk
Buku yang komprehensif, menarik dimiliki, memberi perspektif yang mendasar tentang segi-segi mutakhir media dan sejarahnya, serta pengaruhnya terhadap ekonomi, demokrasi, perilaku. Bukan buku yang klise tentang komunikasi dan jurnalisme seperti yang sudah-sudah.
Komunikasi Pertukaran Tanda
Astrid Susanto (1976) mengutip Anderson & Parker, mengungkapkan bahwa komunikasi asalah pertukaran tanda (lambang). "... a sound, sign or object that men develop to createin the mind of men uniform meaning that are representatives of the object or ideas with which they are associated ..."
Buku Filsafat Komunikasi, oleh Astrid Susanto
Buku Filsafat Komunikasi, oleh Astrid Susanto, patut dimiliki. Buku tua tahun 1976. Jadi tidak mungkin lagi ada di toko buku. Memberi penjelasan teknis dan rinci tentang komunikasi sebagai kodrat kemanusiaan.
Selasa, 30 Desember 2008
THE FUTURE OF JOURNALISM ON THE WEB
The World Wide Web is here to stay. Once given new ways to learn and communicate, people will not allow them to be taken away.
The smartest publishing and media companies these days are working hard to keep abreast of the technology, knowing that the technical details of the Web are changing.
In addition to delivery through telephone lines and modems, cable TV wires and digital satellite TV systems promise to deliver content more quickly. Airplanes, hotel rooms, and cars are being equipped to receive digital information.
Technology is allowing extensive customization of the kinds of information delivered.
Media Massa
Oxford English Dictionary : media massa dianggap sebagai wacana penting tahun 1920-an, hingga dianggap sebagai revolusi komunikasi 1950
Semula retorika dianggap penting (abad 18 – 19). Sudah berfungsi sejak masa peradaban Yunani, Romawi kuno, dipelajari abad pertengahan (rethor = orang yang berpidato), penting sebagai penggerak masyarakat zaman Renaissance
Media massa
Pada zaman buta huruf di Yunani, komunikasi dilakukan dengan ikonografi, dengan patung-patung. Pengenalan akan huruf (melek huruf) menjadi penting pada peradaban kemudian
Unesco menjadikan program melek huruf sebagai kegiatan penting bagi negara dunia ketiga. Carlo Cipolla (Italy) : melek huruf menyumbangkan pada industrialisasi, kemajuan dan peradaban
Icon masih jadi cara komunikasi penting di peradaban modern : lambang usaha, komputer
Media Massa
Perancis : Claude Levi-Strauss (antropolog) memperluas konsep komunikasi sebagai bagian pertukaran (selain barang dan wanita)
Jerman : Niklas Luhmann : komunikasi sebagai kekuasaan
Komunikasi (pengertian mutakhir): pertukaran informasi, gagasan, kata-kata tentang pencitraan lewat sarana pidato, tulisan, media, radio, televisi, internet. Komunikasi menjadi interdisipliner, karena melibatkan sosiologi, psikologi, antropologi, ekonomi, seni, sastra, sejarah, politik, teknologi
Media Massa
Beberapa isu :
Harold Innis (1894-1952) tentang bias komunikasi
Marshal Mc Luhan (1911-1980) tentang desa global (global village)
Jack Goody tentang penjinakan pikiran liar (domestication of savage mind)
Jurgen Habermas (Jerman) tentang public sphere (kawasan publik) (sebaliknya domestic/private sphere ) sebagai kawasan untuk wacana (discourse) dimana gagasan diekplorasi dan pandangan publik (public opinion) dinyatakan : demokrasi
The Future of Journalism on the Web
Some of the biggest new media ventures have already been reinvented several times. It was pioneering for a newspaper to have created a World Wide Web site.
Today, the journalism pioneers are those trying new kinds of ventures, such as Microsoft's pairing with NBC News on MSNBC, a combination Internet service and cable TV channel that brings new meaning to the term “multiple media.”
It is likely that this kind of reinvention, led by new ideas on ways to make the most use of the many new communication tools, will continue to occur.
The Future of Journalism on the Web
It might not be called the World Wide Web in 20 years, but there will never be a retreat from the idea of improved delivery of more information.
Technological predictions about faster delivery, integration with more household appliances (Web TV devices now attach to the television and allow Web access for less than $400), and two-way communication are easy to make.
The Future of Journalism on the Web
Content predictions about which types of Web pages will become the most common are more difficult to make. But the publishers and media companies that commit to continued innovation and progress in these new arenas will likely fare as well as the journalists who made the successful transition from newsprint to radio and then to television when those technologies emerged decades ago.
Jurnalisme Web
Then suddenly, in 1993 and 1994, the scientists and computer experts began talking about “pages” of information on the Internet. A combination of photos, graphics, headlines, and text on the World Wide Web could have been called a “file” or a “document,” but the word “page” became the common term instead.
Jurnalisme Web
The Web, with its system of links connecting pages together, can in a basic way be compared to flipping the pages of a magazine or newspaper.
That concept helped traditional journalists understand quickly that this was the medium for the news.
Jurnalisme Web
It is hard to clearly pinpoint a date on which journalism was born on the Web. Some of the earliest efforts date back to 1993, when experienced Internet users who were affiliated with publishers started experimenting.
By mid-1994, there were only a few dozen publications online.
Jurnalisme Web
The New York Times, for instance, had some information available online in 1995 but did not have a full site on the Web until January 1996.
Overall, about 100 newspapers went online in 1994, followed by about 600 in 1995 and another 1000 in 1996.
Jurnalisme Web
Altogether, between newspapers, magazines, broadcasters, and news services, there are more than 4000 news-gathering organizations now on the World Wide Web.
INTERNET
The Internet is an international web of interconnected government, education, and business computer networks.
A person at a computer terminal or personal computer with the proper computer software communicates across the Internet by placing data in an electronic Internet Protocol (IP) packet and "addressing" it to a particular on the Internet.
INTERNET
Destination unications software on the intervening networks "read" the addresses and forward the packets. From a thousand or so networks in the mid-1980s the Internet has grown to tens of thousands and is available to millions of people worldwide
INTERNET
The Internet owes its design and architecture to its origins in the U.S. Defense Department's ARPANET project in 1969 (the name derives from the Advanced Research Project Agency, the research group within the Pentagon responsible for the project).
The Internet was the result of some visionary thinking by people in the early 1960s who saw great potential value in allowing computers to share information on research and development in scientific and military fields
INTERNET
J.C.R. Licklider of MIT, first proposed a global network of computers in 1962, and moved over to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in late 1962 to head the work to develop it.
Leonard Kleinrock of MIT and later UCLA developed the theory of packet switching, which was to form the basis of Internet connections.
INTERNET
Lawrence Roberts of MIT connected a Massachusetts computer with a California computer in 1965 over dial-up telephone lines.
It showed the feasibility of wide area networking, but also showed that the telephone line's circuit switching was inadequate. Kleinrock's packet switching theory was confirmed.
INTERNET
Roberts moved over to DARPA in 1966 and developed his plan for ARPANET. These visionaries and many more left unnamed here are the real founders of the Internet.
The Internet, then known as ARPANET, was brought online in 1969 under a contract let by the renamed Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) which initially connected four major computers at universities in the southwestern US (UCLA, Stanford Research Institute, UCSB, and the University of Utah). The contract was carried out by BBN of Cambridge, MA under Bob Kahn and went online in December 1969.
INTERNET
By June 1970, MIT, Harvard, BBN, and Systems Development Corp (SDC) in Santa Monica, Cal. were added. By January 1971, Stanford, MIT's Lincoln Labs, Carnegie-Mellon, and Case-Western Reserve U were added. In months to come, NASA/Ames, Mitre, Burroughs, RAND, and the U of Illinois plugged in.
INTERNET
Its planners sought to design a network that could withstand partial destruction and still function. They reasoned that centralized control of data flow through one or a few "hub" computers would leave the system too open to disruption.
Every computer on the network should be able to communicate, as a peer, with every other computer. Thus, if part of the network were destroyed, the other parts would automatically reroute communications through different pathways.
INTERNET
Many factors power outrages, overtaxed telecommunications lines, equipment failure can degrade a network's performance, so the ARPANET solution has become the preferred one.
INTERNET
Local Area Networks
Local area networks (single-site computer networks) proliferated in the 1980s in universities and, increasingly, in businesses and corporations. The majority of these networks used the same communications protocols as ARPANET.
The usefulness of internetwork communication and data sharing became self-evident to the managers of these new networks, and many of them linked up to other networks.
INTERNET
The Internet is also a repository of information for businesses and a data-sharing viaduct for thousands of discussion groups with specialized interests. The U.S. government posts more and more information on the Internet, such as Commerce Department data and new patent filings, and most universities are converting large libraries to electronic form.
Cornell University, for example, has an ongoing project to convert 100,000 books, printed over the past century, on the development of American infrastructureÑbooks on bridges, roads, and other public works.
INTERNET
Businesses advertise and market on the Internet. Online catalogs and advertising interspersed with directory-type information provide many opportunities, and online shopping is becoming more and more popular.
Protection of copyrighted material is a problem, however, because anyone can "download" (electronically copy) data from the Internet. Some companies encrypt data for sale on the Internet, providing decoding keys only to buyers of the data (see cryptology), but this cannot prevent the buyers themselves, of course, from "repackaging" and reselling the data.
INTERNET
Internet growth has been fueled by individual users with modem-equipped personal computers. Most of them subscribe to local networks that provide a connection to the wider Internet.
Many individuals, as well as businesses, create their own "home pages“ points of access that allow anyone on the Internet to view and download information.
INTERNET
Internet growth has also been fueled by the development of the World Wide Web: a collection of thousands of independently owned computers, called Web servers, that are linked worldwide.
Using software browsers such as Netscape, individuals can enter the Web through local "providers" or through the large online services and browse or "surf" the Internet with increasing ease and rapidity through a system of hypertext links.
INTERNET
Businesses are creating "intranets" on their own private networks. Using Internet technology, they can link traditional directory, e-mail, and other networked software applications.
The Internet can connect warehouses, manufacturing sites, retail stores, and customers easily by using simple browsers freely provided on practically every computer now sold.
INTERNET
The ease of use and the popularity of the Internet has in turn precipitated a boom in telecommunications services, somewhat like the way in which the development of the automobile led to the rapid growth of many other related industries.
In fact the Internet today constitutes only a small percentage of total telecommunications
Konvergensi Media
Sempat berkembang menjadi bubble economy tahun 2000, setelah kerontokan bisnis dotcom, internet tetap digemari
1,5 milyar penduduk dunia terakses ke internet dari total 6,5 milyar, data tahun 2006.Penetrasinya 16 persen di dunia. Angka Asia 10 persen
Konvergensi Media
2000 – 2005 pertumbuhan internet 232,8 persen di Asia.
Indonesia, dari 222 juta penduduk, 18 juta mengakses internet, atau penetrasi 8,1 persen
Ada fenomen kesenjangan digital (Dasar Jurnalistik)
Konvergensi Media
Pertemuan internet dengan bisnis media, mula-mula sebagai pelengkap distribusi. Berita cetak tetap hadir, namun informasinya bisa lebih dulu diakses dengan internet, dalam format HTML
Gejala pemberitaan masih bersifat post factum. Internet (dengan teknologi web) hanya menjadi displayer
Konvergensi Media
Kemudian editor online menemukan pentingnya melakukan “update” berita cetak, setelah versi cetak muncul
Update dalam bisnis media cetak, bisa menyaingi kata “breaking news” dalam bisnis media televisi dan radio
Pada bisnis online yang telah berkolaborasi dengan media cetak ini, muncul mekanisme “continouous update” dan “continuous deadline:”
Konvergensi Media
Continuous update dipelopori diantaranya oleh Detik.com (mulai 1998). Berita hari ini, baca hari ini. Update kemudian bahkan berlangsung dalam skala jam (hours update)
Memunculkan pola baru tulisan update. Berita pendek, tiga atau empat alinea, dengan konsep piramida bertingkat
Konvergensi Media
Update memunculkan gejala baru, yakni interaktivitas. Ini disebut sebagai gejala intrinsik dalam sifat media online. Kini watak intrinsik itu juga merasuki media berita yang bergabung dengan online system. Hasilnya, berita pun kini juga bersifat interaktif
Sampai tahun 2000 hampir seluruh media cetak dunia, telah memiliki “versi online”-nya, melengkapi versi televisi dan versi radio yang juga diselenggarakan oleh media bersangkutan.
Konvergensi Media
Pada bagian lain dunia, tumbuh gejala-gejala yang sejalan namun dengan caranya sendiri
Interaktivitas berita telah mendorong munculnya arena percakapan kandungan berita. Inilah yang kemudian ikut melatarbelakangi munculnya gejala media blog dan podcaster
Blog, kependekan dari web log. Yakni “jurnal web”. Kekuatan intrinsik lain dari internet, yakni personalisasi media, menimbulkan lompatan media baru, yakni jurnal web online yang bisa bersifat personal
Konvergensi Media
Rupert Murdoch menyebut generasi muda pembuat dan penyuka weblog itu dengan sebutan penduduk asli digital (digital natives) dan generasi migran dari media cetak ke online media disebut penduduk migran digital (digital migrant)
Search Engines
A Web search engine is a search engine designed to search for information on the World Wide Web. Information may consist of web pages, images, information and other types of files. Some search engines also mine data available in newsbooks, databases, or open directories. Unlike Web directories, which are maintained by human editors, search engines operate algorithmically or are a mixture of algorithmic and human input (Wikipedia, 2008)
Search Engines
Before there were search engines there was a complete list of all webservers. The list was edited by Tim Berners-Lee and hosted on the CERN webserver. One historical snapshot from 1992 remains.[1] As more and more webservers went online the central list could not keep up. On the NCSA Site new servers were announced under the title "What's New!" but no complete listing existed any more.[2]
Search Engines
History
Timeline (full list)
Year Engine Event
1993 Aliweb Launch
1994 WebCrawler Launch
Infoseek Launch
Lycos Launch
1995 AltaVista Launch
Open Text Web Index Launch
Magellan Launch Excite Launch SAPO Launch
1996 Dogpile Launch
Inktomi Founded
HotBot Founded
Ask Jeeves Founded
1997 Northern Light Launch
Yandex Launch
1998 Google Launch
1999 AlltheWeb Launch
GenieKnows Founded
Naver Launch
Teoma Founded
Vivisimo Founded
2000 Baidu Founded
2003 Info.com Launch
2004 Yahoo! Search Final launch
A9.com Launch
2005 MSN Search Final launch
Ask.com Launch
GoodSearch Launch
2006 wikiseek Founded
Quaero Founded
Ask.com Launch
Live Search Launch
ChaCha Beta Launch
Guruji.com Beta Launch
2007 wikiseek Launched
Wikia Search Launched
2008 Powerset Launched
Viewzi Launched
Cuil Launched
Boogami Launched
Search Engines
Archie.[3] The name stands for "archive" without the "v." It was created in 1990 by Alan Emtage, a student at McGill University in Montreal. The program downloaded the directory listings of all the files located on public anonymous FTP (File Transfer Protocol) sites, creating a searchable database of file names; however, Archie did not index the contents of these sites.
Search Engines
The rise of Gopher (created in 1991 by Mark McCahill at the University of Minnesota) led to two new search programs, Veronica and Jughead. Like Archie, they searched the file names and titles stored in Gopher index systems. Veronica (Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Net-wide Index to Computerized Archives) provided a keyword search of most Gopher menu titles in the entire Gopher listings.
Jughead (Jonzy's Universal Gopher Hierarchy Excavation And Display) was a tool for obtaining menu information from specific Gopher servers.
Search Engines
The first Web search engine was Wanlex, a now-defunct index collected by the World Wide Web Wanderer, a web crawler developed by Matthew Gray at MIT in 1993. Another very early search engine, Aliweb, also appeared in 1993. JumpStation (released in early 1994) used a crawler to find web pages for searching, but search was limited to the title of web pages only. One of the first "full text" crawler-based search engines was WebCrawler, which came out in 1994. Unlike its predecessors, it let users search for any word in any webpage, which became the standard for all major search engines since. It was also the first one to be widely known by the public. Also in 1994 Lycos (which started at Carnegie Mellon University) was launched, and became a major commercial endeavor.
Search Engines
Soon after, many search engines appeared and vied for popularity. These included Magellan, Excite, Infoseek, Inktomi, Northern Light, and AltaVista.
Yahoo! was among the most popular ways for people to find web pages of interest, but its search function operated on its web directory, rather than full-text copies of web pages. Information seekers could also browse the directory instead of doing a keyword-based search
Search Engines
Search engines were also known as some of the brightest stars in the Internet investing frenzy that occurred in the late 1990s.[4] Several companies entered the market spectacularly, receiving record gains during their initial public offerings. Some have taken down their public search engine, and are marketing enterprise-only editions, such as Northern Light.
Many search engine companies were caught up in the dot-com bubble, a speculation-driven market boom that peaked in 1999 and ended in 2001.
Search Engines
Around 2000, the Google search engine rose to prominence.[citation needed] The company achieved better results for many searches with an innovation called PageRank. This iterative algorithm ranks web pages based on the number and PageRank of other web sites and pages that link there, on the premise that good or desirable pages are linked to more than others. Google also maintained a minimalist interface to its search engine. In contrast, many of its competitors embedded a search engine in a web portal.
Search Engines
By 2000, Yahoo was providing search services based on Inktomi's search engine. Yahoo! acquired Inktomi in 2002, and Overture (which owned AlltheWeb and AltaVista) in 2003. Yahoo! switched to Google's search engine until 2004, when it launched its own search engine based on the combined technologies of its acquisitions.
Search Engines
Microsoft first launched MSN Search (since re-branded Live Search) in the fall of 1998 using search results from Inktomi. In early 1999 the site began to display listings from Looksmart blended with results from Inktomi except for a short time in 1999 when results from AltaVista were used instead. In 2004, Microsoft began a transition to its own search technology, powered by its own web crawler (called msnbot )
Search Engines
As of late 2007, Google was by far the most popular Web search engine worldwide.[5] [6] A number of country-specific search engine companies have become prominent; for example Baidu is the most popular search engine in the People's Republic of China and guruji.com in India.[7]
How Web search engines work
A search engine operates, in the following order
Web crawling
Indexing
Searching
How Web search engines work
Web search engines work by storing information about many web pages, which they retrieve from the WWW itself. These pages are retrieved by a Web crawler (sometimes also known as a spider) — an automated Web browser which follows every link it sees. The contents of each page are then analyzed to determine how it should be indexed (for example, words are extracted from the titles, headings, or special fields called meta tags).
How Web search engines work
The contents of each page are then analyzed to determine how it should be indexed (for example, words are extracted from the titles, headings, or special fields called meta tags). Data about web pages are stored in an index database for use in later queries. Some search engines, such as Google, store all or part of the source page (referred to as a cache) as well as information about the web pages, whereas others, such as AltaVista, store every word of every page they find.
How Web search engines work
Most Web search engines are commercial ventures supported by advertising revenue and, as a result, some employ the practice of allowing advertisers to pay money to have their listings ranked higher in search results. Those search engines which do not accept money for their search engine results make money by running search related ads alongside the regular search engine results. The search engines make money every time someone clicks on one of these ads.
Economy of Web Search
Revenue in the web search portals industry is projected to grow in 2008 by 13.4 percent, with broadband connections expected to rise by 15.1 percent.
Between 2008 and 2012, industry revenue is projected to rise by 56 percent as Internet penetration still has some way to go to reach full saturation in American households.
Furthermore, broadband services are projected to account for an ever increasing share of domestic Internet users, rising to 118.7 million by 2012, with an increasing share accounted for by fiber-optic and high speed cable lines.[8]
Blog
Blog pertama muncul pada tahun 1993 oleh Marc Andersen lewat sebuah halaman berjudul What’s New.
Sumber lain : Istilah weblog pertama kali diperkenalkan John Barger pada 17 Desember 1997. istilah ini kemudian dipendekkan menjadi blog pada tahun 1999 oleh Peter Merholz
Sampai tahun 1999 blogging masih jarang sekali. Karena saat itu harus menguasai bahasa- bahasa rumit para web designer.
Enda Nasution (aktivis bloging Indonesia) sejak 2001 : tahun 1993 itu belum ada Internet Eksplorer-nya Microsoft. Browser yang dipakai masih bernama Mosaic.
Blog
Pada tahun 1999 muncullah www.blogger.com yang memberikan tawaran sangat menarik.
Dengan pengetahuan yang standar, kita bisa memiliki blog sendiri. Selain itu ada blogdrive, tblog, live journal.
Blog sempat terlupakan setelah Friendster populer, disusul Multiply, Mys Space, dan Yahoo Messenger
Blog
Blog semula dikira hanya tren dan masih sekadar curahan emosi.
Blog juga pintu masuk ke dunia yang lebih sukses. Paling tidak di dunia tulis menulis. Cerita-cerita yang tertuang di blog menjadi buku, film.
Blog bisa diakses dari seluruh dunia.
Blog bisa penulisnya dikenal.
Blog bisa membuat orang tahu kemampuan sebenarnya.
Blog
Hal penting lain : interaktivitas.
Dunia jurnalisme memasuki dimensi baru karena kini konsumen berita bisa ikut menanggapi, hingga blog (dan bersama produk-produk jurnalisme online lainnya) menjadi medan interaksi pengetahuan yang berskala besar, masif dan tumbuh cepat
Citizen Journalism
Dan Gillmor dalam bukunya “We the Media: Grassroots Journalism by the People for the People (2006)”
Mengingatkan pemilik media massa akan kehadiran teknologi internet yang memungkinkan orang membuat situs pribadi atau mailing list untuk menyiarkan berita cepat.
Mereka disebut citizen journalism
Citizen Journalism
Abad 21 akan menjadi tantangan berat bagi media massa konvensional atas lahirnya jurnalisme baru yang sangat berbeda dengan jurnalisme terdahulu.
Dalam citizen journalism, siapa pun dapat membuat, menyebarkan, bahkan menjadi narasumber, sekaligus mengonsumsi berita dalam format tulisan, foto, suara, maupun gambar bergerak.
Citizen Journalism
Shayne Bowman dan ChrisWillis dalam “We Media: How Audiences are Shaping the Future of News and Information” mengatakan, partisipasi warga dalam menulis dan menyiarkan informasi independen, akurat, tersebar luas, dan relevan adalah syarat-syarat bagi demokrasi.
Citizen journalism adalah media untuk memberdayakan kelompok kecil warga yang terpinggirkan dari kelompok masyarakat lainnya.
Citizen Journalism
Warga yang sekaligus reporter, misalnya, akan efektif menyiarkan berita yang tidak tergarap media massa konvensional, seperti radio/televisi lokal, tentang isu yang "tidak seksi", seperti rendahnya pendapatan wanita pekerja, kelompok minoritas, bahkan kelompok anak muda.
Karena tidak memiliki akses terhadap media inilah, warga lebih bersandar pada informasi yang diperlukan kelompoknya.
Jurnalisme Online
Blog telah mengembangkan :
dimensi ekonomi media online
Mendorong partisipasi, dan akhirnya demokratisasi
Mengoreksi pola media tradisional karena adanya interaktivitas
Jurnalisme Online - Kritik
Pakar komunikasi Universitas Indonesia, Dedy Nur Hidayat, menyebutkan, blog atau mailing list hanya efektif di lingkungan terbatas.
Masalah kredibilitas dari para blogger juga patut dipertanyakan sehingga untuk informasi penting yang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan orang tetap mengandalkan media massa konvensional.
Jurnalisme Online - Kritik
Publik juga mempertanyakan profesionalisme para jurnalis alias pewarta warga yang menayangkan sebuah peristiwa pada blog mereka.
Hanya dalam kasus-kasus tertentu, blog bisa diakses ratusan ribu orang bila mampu menembus sumber-sumber eksklusif seperti pemimpin teroris yang dicari-cari dunia internasional, yang tidak dapat ditampilkan media massa.
Kehadiran para blogger ini baru dianggap sebagai ancaman karena sifat interaktifnya, yang tidak mungkin dilakukan media massa konvensional
Jurnalisme Online
Di dunia akademik, kehadiran citizen journalism atau sering disebut jurnalisme partisipatoris mendapat kritik keras. Vincent Maher dari Rhodes University, misalnya, menyebut kelemahan jurnalisme ini karena tidak memiliki "3E", yakni etika, ekonomi, dan epistemologi.
Pengamat media massa lainnya, Tom Grubisich, menyebut kelemahan lain jurnalisme ini yang tidak memiliki kualitas maupun isi. Kenyataannya, beberapa blog seperti Backfence yang disebut-sebut sebagai situs jurnalisme warga di Amerika Serikat hanya menarik segelintir peminat.
Jurnalisme Online
John Robinson, editor blog News and Record warga Greensboro (AS) mengatakan, apa yang dilakukannya adalah mentransformasi surat kabar.
"Dan blogging telah mengubah wajah jurnalisme," katanya. Tujuannya tidak lain agar apa yang diberitakan warga lebih transparan. Bagi dia, berita adalah percakapan.
Jurnalisme Online
Pada pewarta warga, orang tidak lagi terikat etika jurnalistik. Ini kelemahan namun juga sekaligus kekuatan, karena orang tak perlu melakukan konfirmasi, re check, cover both side
Istilah lainnya : transparan
Jurnalisme Online
Tim Porter pemilik blog First Draft memberi tips bagi para pemilik media massa konvensional.
Ia memberi ilustrasi peledakan bom di stasiun KA London, bahwa media massa haruslah memberi
(1) konteks, yakni sejarah terorisme di London dan Eropa,
(2) up date, apa kaitannya dengan bom Madrid sebelumnya,
(3) lokal, bagaimana ukuran keamanan kereta-kereta api bawah tanah satu dengan lainnya,
Jurnalisme Online
(4) geografi, data dan infografik di mana peristiwa terjadi,
(5) orang seperti dia , di mana sebagai orang Amerika dan saat itu London dipenuhi turis Amerika, bagaimana cerita tentang mereka,
(6) debat, kebebasan lawan keamanan, dan
(7) suara, yakni tanggapan orang siapa yang terlibat dalam peristiwa.
TUGAS WARTAWAN DI MASA DEPAN MENJADI JAUH LEBIH BERAT
Jurnalisme Online
www.rebeccablood.net
The original weblogs were link-driven sites. Each was a mixture in unique proportions of links, commentary, and personal thoughts and essays. Weblogs could only be created by people who already knew how to make a website. A weblog editor had either taught herself to code HTML for fun, or, after working all day creating commercial websites, spent several off-work hours every day surfing the web and posting to her site. These were web enthusiasts.
Jurnalisme Online
In Douglas Rushkoff's Media Virus, Greg Ruggiero of the Immediast Underground is quoted as saying, "Media is a corporate possession...You cannot participate in the media. Bringing that into the foreground is the first step. The second step is to define the difference between public and audience. An audience is passive; a public is participatory. We need a definition of media that is public in its orientation."
Power of Blog
the power of weblogs to transform both writers and readers from "audience" to "public" and from "consumer" to "creator." (rebeccablood.net)
The smartest publishing and media companies these days are working hard to keep abreast of the technology, knowing that the technical details of the Web are changing.
In addition to delivery through telephone lines and modems, cable TV wires and digital satellite TV systems promise to deliver content more quickly. Airplanes, hotel rooms, and cars are being equipped to receive digital information.
Technology is allowing extensive customization of the kinds of information delivered.
Media Massa
Oxford English Dictionary : media massa dianggap sebagai wacana penting tahun 1920-an, hingga dianggap sebagai revolusi komunikasi 1950
Semula retorika dianggap penting (abad 18 – 19). Sudah berfungsi sejak masa peradaban Yunani, Romawi kuno, dipelajari abad pertengahan (rethor = orang yang berpidato), penting sebagai penggerak masyarakat zaman Renaissance
Media massa
Pada zaman buta huruf di Yunani, komunikasi dilakukan dengan ikonografi, dengan patung-patung. Pengenalan akan huruf (melek huruf) menjadi penting pada peradaban kemudian
Unesco menjadikan program melek huruf sebagai kegiatan penting bagi negara dunia ketiga. Carlo Cipolla (Italy) : melek huruf menyumbangkan pada industrialisasi, kemajuan dan peradaban
Icon masih jadi cara komunikasi penting di peradaban modern : lambang usaha, komputer
Media Massa
Perancis : Claude Levi-Strauss (antropolog) memperluas konsep komunikasi sebagai bagian pertukaran (selain barang dan wanita)
Jerman : Niklas Luhmann : komunikasi sebagai kekuasaan
Komunikasi (pengertian mutakhir): pertukaran informasi, gagasan, kata-kata tentang pencitraan lewat sarana pidato, tulisan, media, radio, televisi, internet. Komunikasi menjadi interdisipliner, karena melibatkan sosiologi, psikologi, antropologi, ekonomi, seni, sastra, sejarah, politik, teknologi
Media Massa
Beberapa isu :
Harold Innis (1894-1952) tentang bias komunikasi
Marshal Mc Luhan (1911-1980) tentang desa global (global village)
Jack Goody tentang penjinakan pikiran liar (domestication of savage mind)
Jurgen Habermas (Jerman) tentang public sphere (kawasan publik) (sebaliknya domestic/private sphere ) sebagai kawasan untuk wacana (discourse) dimana gagasan diekplorasi dan pandangan publik (public opinion) dinyatakan : demokrasi
The Future of Journalism on the Web
Some of the biggest new media ventures have already been reinvented several times. It was pioneering for a newspaper to have created a World Wide Web site.
Today, the journalism pioneers are those trying new kinds of ventures, such as Microsoft's pairing with NBC News on MSNBC, a combination Internet service and cable TV channel that brings new meaning to the term “multiple media.”
It is likely that this kind of reinvention, led by new ideas on ways to make the most use of the many new communication tools, will continue to occur.
The Future of Journalism on the Web
It might not be called the World Wide Web in 20 years, but there will never be a retreat from the idea of improved delivery of more information.
Technological predictions about faster delivery, integration with more household appliances (Web TV devices now attach to the television and allow Web access for less than $400), and two-way communication are easy to make.
The Future of Journalism on the Web
Content predictions about which types of Web pages will become the most common are more difficult to make. But the publishers and media companies that commit to continued innovation and progress in these new arenas will likely fare as well as the journalists who made the successful transition from newsprint to radio and then to television when those technologies emerged decades ago.
Jurnalisme Web
Then suddenly, in 1993 and 1994, the scientists and computer experts began talking about “pages” of information on the Internet. A combination of photos, graphics, headlines, and text on the World Wide Web could have been called a “file” or a “document,” but the word “page” became the common term instead.
Jurnalisme Web
The Web, with its system of links connecting pages together, can in a basic way be compared to flipping the pages of a magazine or newspaper.
That concept helped traditional journalists understand quickly that this was the medium for the news.
Jurnalisme Web
It is hard to clearly pinpoint a date on which journalism was born on the Web. Some of the earliest efforts date back to 1993, when experienced Internet users who were affiliated with publishers started experimenting.
By mid-1994, there were only a few dozen publications online.
Jurnalisme Web
The New York Times, for instance, had some information available online in 1995 but did not have a full site on the Web until January 1996.
Overall, about 100 newspapers went online in 1994, followed by about 600 in 1995 and another 1000 in 1996.
Jurnalisme Web
Altogether, between newspapers, magazines, broadcasters, and news services, there are more than 4000 news-gathering organizations now on the World Wide Web.
INTERNET
The Internet is an international web of interconnected government, education, and business computer networks.
A person at a computer terminal or personal computer with the proper computer software communicates across the Internet by placing data in an electronic Internet Protocol (IP) packet and "addressing" it to a particular on the Internet.
INTERNET
Destination unications software on the intervening networks "read" the addresses and forward the packets. From a thousand or so networks in the mid-1980s the Internet has grown to tens of thousands and is available to millions of people worldwide
INTERNET
The Internet owes its design and architecture to its origins in the U.S. Defense Department's ARPANET project in 1969 (the name derives from the Advanced Research Project Agency, the research group within the Pentagon responsible for the project).
The Internet was the result of some visionary thinking by people in the early 1960s who saw great potential value in allowing computers to share information on research and development in scientific and military fields
INTERNET
J.C.R. Licklider of MIT, first proposed a global network of computers in 1962, and moved over to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in late 1962 to head the work to develop it.
Leonard Kleinrock of MIT and later UCLA developed the theory of packet switching, which was to form the basis of Internet connections.
INTERNET
Lawrence Roberts of MIT connected a Massachusetts computer with a California computer in 1965 over dial-up telephone lines.
It showed the feasibility of wide area networking, but also showed that the telephone line's circuit switching was inadequate. Kleinrock's packet switching theory was confirmed.
INTERNET
Roberts moved over to DARPA in 1966 and developed his plan for ARPANET. These visionaries and many more left unnamed here are the real founders of the Internet.
The Internet, then known as ARPANET, was brought online in 1969 under a contract let by the renamed Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) which initially connected four major computers at universities in the southwestern US (UCLA, Stanford Research Institute, UCSB, and the University of Utah). The contract was carried out by BBN of Cambridge, MA under Bob Kahn and went online in December 1969.
INTERNET
By June 1970, MIT, Harvard, BBN, and Systems Development Corp (SDC) in Santa Monica, Cal. were added. By January 1971, Stanford, MIT's Lincoln Labs, Carnegie-Mellon, and Case-Western Reserve U were added. In months to come, NASA/Ames, Mitre, Burroughs, RAND, and the U of Illinois plugged in.
INTERNET
Its planners sought to design a network that could withstand partial destruction and still function. They reasoned that centralized control of data flow through one or a few "hub" computers would leave the system too open to disruption.
Every computer on the network should be able to communicate, as a peer, with every other computer. Thus, if part of the network were destroyed, the other parts would automatically reroute communications through different pathways.
INTERNET
Many factors power outrages, overtaxed telecommunications lines, equipment failure can degrade a network's performance, so the ARPANET solution has become the preferred one.
INTERNET
Local Area Networks
Local area networks (single-site computer networks) proliferated in the 1980s in universities and, increasingly, in businesses and corporations. The majority of these networks used the same communications protocols as ARPANET.
The usefulness of internetwork communication and data sharing became self-evident to the managers of these new networks, and many of them linked up to other networks.
INTERNET
The Internet is also a repository of information for businesses and a data-sharing viaduct for thousands of discussion groups with specialized interests. The U.S. government posts more and more information on the Internet, such as Commerce Department data and new patent filings, and most universities are converting large libraries to electronic form.
Cornell University, for example, has an ongoing project to convert 100,000 books, printed over the past century, on the development of American infrastructureÑbooks on bridges, roads, and other public works.
INTERNET
Businesses advertise and market on the Internet. Online catalogs and advertising interspersed with directory-type information provide many opportunities, and online shopping is becoming more and more popular.
Protection of copyrighted material is a problem, however, because anyone can "download" (electronically copy) data from the Internet. Some companies encrypt data for sale on the Internet, providing decoding keys only to buyers of the data (see cryptology), but this cannot prevent the buyers themselves, of course, from "repackaging" and reselling the data.
INTERNET
Internet growth has been fueled by individual users with modem-equipped personal computers. Most of them subscribe to local networks that provide a connection to the wider Internet.
Many individuals, as well as businesses, create their own "home pages“ points of access that allow anyone on the Internet to view and download information.
INTERNET
Internet growth has also been fueled by the development of the World Wide Web: a collection of thousands of independently owned computers, called Web servers, that are linked worldwide.
Using software browsers such as Netscape, individuals can enter the Web through local "providers" or through the large online services and browse or "surf" the Internet with increasing ease and rapidity through a system of hypertext links.
INTERNET
Businesses are creating "intranets" on their own private networks. Using Internet technology, they can link traditional directory, e-mail, and other networked software applications.
The Internet can connect warehouses, manufacturing sites, retail stores, and customers easily by using simple browsers freely provided on practically every computer now sold.
INTERNET
The ease of use and the popularity of the Internet has in turn precipitated a boom in telecommunications services, somewhat like the way in which the development of the automobile led to the rapid growth of many other related industries.
In fact the Internet today constitutes only a small percentage of total telecommunications
Konvergensi Media
Sempat berkembang menjadi bubble economy tahun 2000, setelah kerontokan bisnis dotcom, internet tetap digemari
1,5 milyar penduduk dunia terakses ke internet dari total 6,5 milyar, data tahun 2006.Penetrasinya 16 persen di dunia. Angka Asia 10 persen
Konvergensi Media
2000 – 2005 pertumbuhan internet 232,8 persen di Asia.
Indonesia, dari 222 juta penduduk, 18 juta mengakses internet, atau penetrasi 8,1 persen
Ada fenomen kesenjangan digital (Dasar Jurnalistik)
Konvergensi Media
Pertemuan internet dengan bisnis media, mula-mula sebagai pelengkap distribusi. Berita cetak tetap hadir, namun informasinya bisa lebih dulu diakses dengan internet, dalam format HTML
Gejala pemberitaan masih bersifat post factum. Internet (dengan teknologi web) hanya menjadi displayer
Konvergensi Media
Kemudian editor online menemukan pentingnya melakukan “update” berita cetak, setelah versi cetak muncul
Update dalam bisnis media cetak, bisa menyaingi kata “breaking news” dalam bisnis media televisi dan radio
Pada bisnis online yang telah berkolaborasi dengan media cetak ini, muncul mekanisme “continouous update” dan “continuous deadline:”
Konvergensi Media
Continuous update dipelopori diantaranya oleh Detik.com (mulai 1998). Berita hari ini, baca hari ini. Update kemudian bahkan berlangsung dalam skala jam (hours update)
Memunculkan pola baru tulisan update. Berita pendek, tiga atau empat alinea, dengan konsep piramida bertingkat
Konvergensi Media
Update memunculkan gejala baru, yakni interaktivitas. Ini disebut sebagai gejala intrinsik dalam sifat media online. Kini watak intrinsik itu juga merasuki media berita yang bergabung dengan online system. Hasilnya, berita pun kini juga bersifat interaktif
Sampai tahun 2000 hampir seluruh media cetak dunia, telah memiliki “versi online”-nya, melengkapi versi televisi dan versi radio yang juga diselenggarakan oleh media bersangkutan.
Konvergensi Media
Pada bagian lain dunia, tumbuh gejala-gejala yang sejalan namun dengan caranya sendiri
Interaktivitas berita telah mendorong munculnya arena percakapan kandungan berita. Inilah yang kemudian ikut melatarbelakangi munculnya gejala media blog dan podcaster
Blog, kependekan dari web log. Yakni “jurnal web”. Kekuatan intrinsik lain dari internet, yakni personalisasi media, menimbulkan lompatan media baru, yakni jurnal web online yang bisa bersifat personal
Konvergensi Media
Rupert Murdoch menyebut generasi muda pembuat dan penyuka weblog itu dengan sebutan penduduk asli digital (digital natives) dan generasi migran dari media cetak ke online media disebut penduduk migran digital (digital migrant)
Search Engines
A Web search engine is a search engine designed to search for information on the World Wide Web. Information may consist of web pages, images, information and other types of files. Some search engines also mine data available in newsbooks, databases, or open directories. Unlike Web directories, which are maintained by human editors, search engines operate algorithmically or are a mixture of algorithmic and human input (Wikipedia, 2008)
Search Engines
Before there were search engines there was a complete list of all webservers. The list was edited by Tim Berners-Lee and hosted on the CERN webserver. One historical snapshot from 1992 remains.[1] As more and more webservers went online the central list could not keep up. On the NCSA Site new servers were announced under the title "What's New!" but no complete listing existed any more.[2]
Search Engines
History
Timeline (full list)
Year Engine Event
1993 Aliweb Launch
1994 WebCrawler Launch
Infoseek Launch
Lycos Launch
1995 AltaVista Launch
Open Text Web Index Launch
Magellan Launch Excite Launch SAPO Launch
1996 Dogpile Launch
Inktomi Founded
HotBot Founded
Ask Jeeves Founded
1997 Northern Light Launch
Yandex Launch
1998 Google Launch
1999 AlltheWeb Launch
GenieKnows Founded
Naver Launch
Teoma Founded
Vivisimo Founded
2000 Baidu Founded
2003 Info.com Launch
2004 Yahoo! Search Final launch
A9.com Launch
2005 MSN Search Final launch
Ask.com Launch
GoodSearch Launch
2006 wikiseek Founded
Quaero Founded
Ask.com Launch
Live Search Launch
ChaCha Beta Launch
Guruji.com Beta Launch
2007 wikiseek Launched
Wikia Search Launched
2008 Powerset Launched
Viewzi Launched
Cuil Launched
Boogami Launched
Search Engines
Archie.[3] The name stands for "archive" without the "v." It was created in 1990 by Alan Emtage, a student at McGill University in Montreal. The program downloaded the directory listings of all the files located on public anonymous FTP (File Transfer Protocol) sites, creating a searchable database of file names; however, Archie did not index the contents of these sites.
Search Engines
The rise of Gopher (created in 1991 by Mark McCahill at the University of Minnesota) led to two new search programs, Veronica and Jughead. Like Archie, they searched the file names and titles stored in Gopher index systems. Veronica (Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Net-wide Index to Computerized Archives) provided a keyword search of most Gopher menu titles in the entire Gopher listings.
Jughead (Jonzy's Universal Gopher Hierarchy Excavation And Display) was a tool for obtaining menu information from specific Gopher servers.
Search Engines
The first Web search engine was Wanlex, a now-defunct index collected by the World Wide Web Wanderer, a web crawler developed by Matthew Gray at MIT in 1993. Another very early search engine, Aliweb, also appeared in 1993. JumpStation (released in early 1994) used a crawler to find web pages for searching, but search was limited to the title of web pages only. One of the first "full text" crawler-based search engines was WebCrawler, which came out in 1994. Unlike its predecessors, it let users search for any word in any webpage, which became the standard for all major search engines since. It was also the first one to be widely known by the public. Also in 1994 Lycos (which started at Carnegie Mellon University) was launched, and became a major commercial endeavor.
Search Engines
Soon after, many search engines appeared and vied for popularity. These included Magellan, Excite, Infoseek, Inktomi, Northern Light, and AltaVista.
Yahoo! was among the most popular ways for people to find web pages of interest, but its search function operated on its web directory, rather than full-text copies of web pages. Information seekers could also browse the directory instead of doing a keyword-based search
Search Engines
Search engines were also known as some of the brightest stars in the Internet investing frenzy that occurred in the late 1990s.[4] Several companies entered the market spectacularly, receiving record gains during their initial public offerings. Some have taken down their public search engine, and are marketing enterprise-only editions, such as Northern Light.
Many search engine companies were caught up in the dot-com bubble, a speculation-driven market boom that peaked in 1999 and ended in 2001.
Search Engines
Around 2000, the Google search engine rose to prominence.[citation needed] The company achieved better results for many searches with an innovation called PageRank. This iterative algorithm ranks web pages based on the number and PageRank of other web sites and pages that link there, on the premise that good or desirable pages are linked to more than others. Google also maintained a minimalist interface to its search engine. In contrast, many of its competitors embedded a search engine in a web portal.
Search Engines
By 2000, Yahoo was providing search services based on Inktomi's search engine. Yahoo! acquired Inktomi in 2002, and Overture (which owned AlltheWeb and AltaVista) in 2003. Yahoo! switched to Google's search engine until 2004, when it launched its own search engine based on the combined technologies of its acquisitions.
Search Engines
Microsoft first launched MSN Search (since re-branded Live Search) in the fall of 1998 using search results from Inktomi. In early 1999 the site began to display listings from Looksmart blended with results from Inktomi except for a short time in 1999 when results from AltaVista were used instead. In 2004, Microsoft began a transition to its own search technology, powered by its own web crawler (called msnbot )
Search Engines
As of late 2007, Google was by far the most popular Web search engine worldwide.[5] [6] A number of country-specific search engine companies have become prominent; for example Baidu is the most popular search engine in the People's Republic of China and guruji.com in India.[7]
How Web search engines work
A search engine operates, in the following order
Web crawling
Indexing
Searching
How Web search engines work
Web search engines work by storing information about many web pages, which they retrieve from the WWW itself. These pages are retrieved by a Web crawler (sometimes also known as a spider) — an automated Web browser which follows every link it sees. The contents of each page are then analyzed to determine how it should be indexed (for example, words are extracted from the titles, headings, or special fields called meta tags).
How Web search engines work
The contents of each page are then analyzed to determine how it should be indexed (for example, words are extracted from the titles, headings, or special fields called meta tags). Data about web pages are stored in an index database for use in later queries. Some search engines, such as Google, store all or part of the source page (referred to as a cache) as well as information about the web pages, whereas others, such as AltaVista, store every word of every page they find.
How Web search engines work
Most Web search engines are commercial ventures supported by advertising revenue and, as a result, some employ the practice of allowing advertisers to pay money to have their listings ranked higher in search results. Those search engines which do not accept money for their search engine results make money by running search related ads alongside the regular search engine results. The search engines make money every time someone clicks on one of these ads.
Economy of Web Search
Revenue in the web search portals industry is projected to grow in 2008 by 13.4 percent, with broadband connections expected to rise by 15.1 percent.
Between 2008 and 2012, industry revenue is projected to rise by 56 percent as Internet penetration still has some way to go to reach full saturation in American households.
Furthermore, broadband services are projected to account for an ever increasing share of domestic Internet users, rising to 118.7 million by 2012, with an increasing share accounted for by fiber-optic and high speed cable lines.[8]
Blog
Blog pertama muncul pada tahun 1993 oleh Marc Andersen lewat sebuah halaman berjudul What’s New.
Sumber lain : Istilah weblog pertama kali diperkenalkan John Barger pada 17 Desember 1997. istilah ini kemudian dipendekkan menjadi blog pada tahun 1999 oleh Peter Merholz
Sampai tahun 1999 blogging masih jarang sekali. Karena saat itu harus menguasai bahasa- bahasa rumit para web designer.
Enda Nasution (aktivis bloging Indonesia) sejak 2001 : tahun 1993 itu belum ada Internet Eksplorer-nya Microsoft. Browser yang dipakai masih bernama Mosaic.
Blog
Pada tahun 1999 muncullah www.blogger.com yang memberikan tawaran sangat menarik.
Dengan pengetahuan yang standar, kita bisa memiliki blog sendiri. Selain itu ada blogdrive, tblog, live journal.
Blog sempat terlupakan setelah Friendster populer, disusul Multiply, Mys Space, dan Yahoo Messenger
Blog
Blog semula dikira hanya tren dan masih sekadar curahan emosi.
Blog juga pintu masuk ke dunia yang lebih sukses. Paling tidak di dunia tulis menulis. Cerita-cerita yang tertuang di blog menjadi buku, film.
Blog bisa diakses dari seluruh dunia.
Blog bisa penulisnya dikenal.
Blog bisa membuat orang tahu kemampuan sebenarnya.
Blog
Hal penting lain : interaktivitas.
Dunia jurnalisme memasuki dimensi baru karena kini konsumen berita bisa ikut menanggapi, hingga blog (dan bersama produk-produk jurnalisme online lainnya) menjadi medan interaksi pengetahuan yang berskala besar, masif dan tumbuh cepat
Citizen Journalism
Dan Gillmor dalam bukunya “We the Media: Grassroots Journalism by the People for the People (2006)”
Mengingatkan pemilik media massa akan kehadiran teknologi internet yang memungkinkan orang membuat situs pribadi atau mailing list untuk menyiarkan berita cepat.
Mereka disebut citizen journalism
Citizen Journalism
Abad 21 akan menjadi tantangan berat bagi media massa konvensional atas lahirnya jurnalisme baru yang sangat berbeda dengan jurnalisme terdahulu.
Dalam citizen journalism, siapa pun dapat membuat, menyebarkan, bahkan menjadi narasumber, sekaligus mengonsumsi berita dalam format tulisan, foto, suara, maupun gambar bergerak.
Citizen Journalism
Shayne Bowman dan ChrisWillis dalam “We Media: How Audiences are Shaping the Future of News and Information” mengatakan, partisipasi warga dalam menulis dan menyiarkan informasi independen, akurat, tersebar luas, dan relevan adalah syarat-syarat bagi demokrasi.
Citizen journalism adalah media untuk memberdayakan kelompok kecil warga yang terpinggirkan dari kelompok masyarakat lainnya.
Citizen Journalism
Warga yang sekaligus reporter, misalnya, akan efektif menyiarkan berita yang tidak tergarap media massa konvensional, seperti radio/televisi lokal, tentang isu yang "tidak seksi", seperti rendahnya pendapatan wanita pekerja, kelompok minoritas, bahkan kelompok anak muda.
Karena tidak memiliki akses terhadap media inilah, warga lebih bersandar pada informasi yang diperlukan kelompoknya.
Jurnalisme Online
Blog telah mengembangkan :
dimensi ekonomi media online
Mendorong partisipasi, dan akhirnya demokratisasi
Mengoreksi pola media tradisional karena adanya interaktivitas
Jurnalisme Online - Kritik
Pakar komunikasi Universitas Indonesia, Dedy Nur Hidayat, menyebutkan, blog atau mailing list hanya efektif di lingkungan terbatas.
Masalah kredibilitas dari para blogger juga patut dipertanyakan sehingga untuk informasi penting yang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan orang tetap mengandalkan media massa konvensional.
Jurnalisme Online - Kritik
Publik juga mempertanyakan profesionalisme para jurnalis alias pewarta warga yang menayangkan sebuah peristiwa pada blog mereka.
Hanya dalam kasus-kasus tertentu, blog bisa diakses ratusan ribu orang bila mampu menembus sumber-sumber eksklusif seperti pemimpin teroris yang dicari-cari dunia internasional, yang tidak dapat ditampilkan media massa.
Kehadiran para blogger ini baru dianggap sebagai ancaman karena sifat interaktifnya, yang tidak mungkin dilakukan media massa konvensional
Jurnalisme Online
Di dunia akademik, kehadiran citizen journalism atau sering disebut jurnalisme partisipatoris mendapat kritik keras. Vincent Maher dari Rhodes University, misalnya, menyebut kelemahan jurnalisme ini karena tidak memiliki "3E", yakni etika, ekonomi, dan epistemologi.
Pengamat media massa lainnya, Tom Grubisich, menyebut kelemahan lain jurnalisme ini yang tidak memiliki kualitas maupun isi. Kenyataannya, beberapa blog seperti Backfence yang disebut-sebut sebagai situs jurnalisme warga di Amerika Serikat hanya menarik segelintir peminat.
Jurnalisme Online
John Robinson, editor blog News and Record warga Greensboro (AS) mengatakan, apa yang dilakukannya adalah mentransformasi surat kabar.
"Dan blogging telah mengubah wajah jurnalisme," katanya. Tujuannya tidak lain agar apa yang diberitakan warga lebih transparan. Bagi dia, berita adalah percakapan.
Jurnalisme Online
Pada pewarta warga, orang tidak lagi terikat etika jurnalistik. Ini kelemahan namun juga sekaligus kekuatan, karena orang tak perlu melakukan konfirmasi, re check, cover both side
Istilah lainnya : transparan
Jurnalisme Online
Tim Porter pemilik blog First Draft memberi tips bagi para pemilik media massa konvensional.
Ia memberi ilustrasi peledakan bom di stasiun KA London, bahwa media massa haruslah memberi
(1) konteks, yakni sejarah terorisme di London dan Eropa,
(2) up date, apa kaitannya dengan bom Madrid sebelumnya,
(3) lokal, bagaimana ukuran keamanan kereta-kereta api bawah tanah satu dengan lainnya,
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(4) geografi, data dan infografik di mana peristiwa terjadi,
(5) orang seperti dia , di mana sebagai orang Amerika dan saat itu London dipenuhi turis Amerika, bagaimana cerita tentang mereka,
(6) debat, kebebasan lawan keamanan, dan
(7) suara, yakni tanggapan orang siapa yang terlibat dalam peristiwa.
TUGAS WARTAWAN DI MASA DEPAN MENJADI JAUH LEBIH BERAT
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www.rebeccablood.net
The original weblogs were link-driven sites. Each was a mixture in unique proportions of links, commentary, and personal thoughts and essays. Weblogs could only be created by people who already knew how to make a website. A weblog editor had either taught herself to code HTML for fun, or, after working all day creating commercial websites, spent several off-work hours every day surfing the web and posting to her site. These were web enthusiasts.
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In Douglas Rushkoff's Media Virus, Greg Ruggiero of the Immediast Underground is quoted as saying, "Media is a corporate possession...You cannot participate in the media. Bringing that into the foreground is the first step. The second step is to define the difference between public and audience. An audience is passive; a public is participatory. We need a definition of media that is public in its orientation."
Power of Blog
the power of weblogs to transform both writers and readers from "audience" to "public" and from "consumer" to "creator." (rebeccablood.net)
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